Black holes and the double copy

Recently, a perturbative duality between gauge and gravity theories (the double copy) has been discovered, that is believed to hold to all loop orders. In this paper, we examine the relationship between classical solutions of non-Abelian gauge theory and gravity. We propose a general class of gauge theory solutions that double copy to gravity, namely those involving stationary Kerr-Schild metrics. The Schwarzschild and Kerr black holes (plus their higher-dimensional equivalents) emerge as special cases. We also discuss plane wave solutions. Furthermore, a recently examined double copy between the self-dual sectors of Yang-Mills theory and gravity can be reinterpreted using a momentum-space generalisation of the Kerr-Schild framework.Comment: 22 pages; typos corrected and references adde

Global water: issues and insights

This book brings together some of the world’s leading water researchers with an especially written collection of chapters on: water economics; transboundary water; water and development; water and energy; and water concepts. Introduction Freshwater governance holds a prominent position in the global policy agenda. Burgeoning water demand due to population growth and rising incomes is combining with supply-side pressures, such as environmental pollution and climate change, to create acute conditions of global water scarcity. This is a major concern because water is a primary input for agriculture, manufacturing, environmental health, human health, energy production and just about every economic sector and ecosystem. In addition to its importance, the management of freshwater resources is a complex, multidisciplinary topic. Encompassing a range of fields in the physical and social sciences, the task of sustainably meeting human and environmental water needs requires a depth and breadth of understanding unparalleled by most other policy problems. Our objective in this volume is to provide knowledge and insights into major issues and concepts related to freshwater governance. The book is divided into five themed parts: Economics, Transboundary governance, Development, Energy and Water Concepts. A part addresses each theme and opens with an introduction that provides an overview of key topics. For example, the introduction to the economics section presents two main foci: measuring the value of water and managing trade-offs between different water uses. The thematic case studies discuss issues such as water pricing in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries, finance of water supply and irrigation infrastructure and improving agricultural production with enhanced water management. The aim of the volume is to accessibly communicate academic research from the many fields of freshwater governance. Too often, academic research is paywalled and/or written in a style that caters to colleagues in the same field, rather than a broader audience from other disciplines, the policy-making community and the general public. This open-access book presents the research of a range of global experts on freshwater governance in brief, insightful chapters that do not presume a high level of pre-existing knowledge of their respective subjects. This format is intended to present knowledge on the key problems of and solutions to global freshwater challenges. The final part presents research from several United Nations Educational, Social, and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) supported water research Chairs and Centres. Support and coordination of the insititutions highlighted in this part of the book is provided by UNESCO. One water research Chair is The Australian National University – UNESCO Chair in Water Economics and Transboundary Governance, which was established in April 2010 and works with partners in southern Africa, UNESCO, the Global Water Partnership and other organisations to: (1) increase the skills, capacity, networks and potential of leaders and prospective water managers and policy-makers; (2) sustain and strengthen institutional capacity (especially in southern Africa) by providing a platform for collaboration and institutional development; and, (3) develop innovative research, tools, case-studies, and insights on water economics, water governance and equity. Established by the ANU–UNESCO Chair, the Global Water Forum (GWF) seeks to disseminate knowledge regarding freshwater governance and build the capacity of students, policy-makers and the general public to respond to local and global water issues. The GWF publishes accessible, subscription-free articles highlighing the latest research and practice concerning freshwater governance. A broad range of water-related topics are discussed in a non-technical manner, including water security, development, agriculture, energy and environment. In addition to publishing articles, reports and books, the GWF is engaged in a range of activities, such as the annual Emerging Scholars Award and hosting a portal to educational resources on freshwater. We hope that you enjoy reading this book and, more importantly, gain an improved understanding of the complex freshwater-governance challenges facing us all on a global scale and at a local level

EVALUATION OF PERENNIAL PLANT SUCCESS ON A GREEN ROOF

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF: CHRISTOPHER M. WHITE, for the Master of Science degree in PLANT, SOIL AND AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, presented in 2017 at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. TITLE: EVALUATION OF PERENNIAL PLANT SUCCESS ON A GREEN ROOF MAJOR PROFESSORS: Karen Stoelzle Midden, S. Alan Walters A two-year study (2011-2012) was conducted on a section of an extensive green roof of the Agriculture Building at Southern Illinois University to evaluate the adaptability of four plant species to green roof culture. Extensive green roof survival, growth, and general success of four plant species (Allium schoenoprasum L., Dianthus gratianopolitanus ‘Grandiflorus’ Vill., Sedum kamtschaticum Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Sp. ellacombianum (Praeger) R.T. Clausen, and Talinum calycinum Engelm.) were compared using two propagating mediums (a peat-based greenhouse medium and a lightweight aggregate medium) integrated with three amendments to enhance plant growth, which provided four medium treatments (lightweight aggregate with vermicompost, lightweight aggregate with mycorrhiza, peat-based greenhouse medium, and SIUC green roof mix). The greenhouse medium resulted in higher plant growth ratings than the lightweight aggregate medium. Dianthus had the most success, with the highest plant height plus width (40.3 cm) and plant rating scores (2.9/5.0). The amendment that showed the most potential was the mycorrhizal treatment, providing higher plant height plus width scores than the control (SIUC green roof mix)

Forensic Markers of Lampricide Toxicity in Oncorhynchsus mykiss

The lampricide 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) has been used for decades to control invasive sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) populations in the Great Lakes, normally with little harm to other fish populations. However, due to the nature of lampricide treatments and the chemical properties of TFM, adverse effects to non-target fishes and non-target mortality occasionally occur. However, investigations of non-target mortality can be complex, particularly if fish deaths are not noticed immediately, due to decomposition of the carcasses. The objectives of this thesis were to expose rainbow trout (Oncorhynchsus mykiss) to TFM in order to: (i) identify forensic markers of lampricide toxicity and (ii) determine the stability of these markers when the fish carcass was decomposing in air or water, at different temperatures (4°C, 15°C or 20°C). To complete these objectives, LC-MS/MS was used to determine the concentration of TFM and the relative amounts of TFM metabolites in the liver and white muscle of rainbow trout exposed to their 9-h LC50 of TFM (the concentration of TFM that results in 50% mortality during a 9 h exposure) for 6 h. These experiments showed that the greatest accumulation of TFM occurred in the liver, in which concentrations were 15-30 fold greater than in the white muscle tissue. These observations were likely the result of the much higher blood flow to the liver compared to the muscle, and the likely presence of organic anion transporters in the hepatocytes of the liver, which would facilitate TFM uptake and other xenobiotics. Although TFM accumulation was greatest in the liver, concentrations were found to be most stable in white muscle during decomposition in both water and air, which was likely due to the muscle tissues relative isolation from the GI tract of the fish and as such the anaerobic bacteria responsible for initiating putrefaction. TFM and TFM-metabolite levels (TFM-glucuronide, TFM-sulphate) were stable in both liver and muscle at 4°C over 72 h in water. However, liver TFM concentration declined by approximately 50% when decomposition took place at 15°C and 20°C. Similar 50 % reductions in liver TFM took place in air, but proceeded more rapidly at warmer temperatures (15°C, 20°C). In white muscle, however, TFM concentrations were stable over the 24 h decomposition period in air, despite significant signs of tissue putrefaction occurring. The metabolites of TFM, TFM-glucuronide and TFM-sulphate, were also detected but much less stable in both liver and muscle, particularly at warm temperatures. It is concluded that white muscle and liver tissue should be collected from the carcasses as quickly as possible following suspected incidents of TFM-induced non-target mortality, and that TFM concentrations in both tissues are reliable forensic markers of TFM toxicity